Invasiveness of Some Biological Control Insects and Adequacy of Their Ecological Risk Assessment and Regulation
نویسندگان
چکیده
The problem of invasive species has reignited interest in biological control as a management tool. Classical biological control involves deliberate release of exotic natural enemies into new environments in an attempt to limit the density of an invasive species. Persistent, sustained limitation of invasive species by coevolved natural enemies is a seductive concept. Evidence now suggests, however, that biological control through the release of natural enemies can carry unanticipated ecological risks. There have been ecological side effects of distributing a deliberately introduced weevil (Rhinocyllus conicus) and an adventitious weevil (Larinus planus) for the biological control of exotic thistles. Both weevils have had major direct effects on key population-growth parameters of native thistles, and R. conicus has had an indirect effect on the interaction between a thistle and a native insect. These findings led us to review how ecological risk is evaluated, and to ask whether pre-release tests can predict the types of ecological effects documented. We conclude that, when done thoroughly, the tests used can determine host specificity by identifying physiological host range, but the usual tests cannot be relied upon to predict the ecological host range or impact on populations of less-preferred but accepted native species. Our data provide support for suggestions that the behavioral and developmental data now taken need to be supplemented with additional data on population parameters to better predict field-host use, population growth, interaction strengths, and ecological outcomes for native species that are potential hosts. Invasividad de Algunos Insectos de Control Biológico y Adecuación de Su Evaluación de Riesgo Ecológico y Regulación Resumen El problema de las especies invasoras ha despertado nuevo interés en el control biológico como una herramienta de manejo. El control biológico clásico implica la liberación deliberada de enemigos naturales exóticos en nuevos ambientes con la intención de limitar la densidad de una especie invasora. La limitación persistente, sostenida de especies invasoras por enemigos naturales coevolucionados es un concepto seductor. Sin embargo, la evidencia ahora sugiere que la liberación de enemigos naturales para el control biológico puede acarrear riesgos ecológicos no anticipados. Hubo efectos ecológicos secundarios por la introducción deliberada de un gorgojo (Rhinocyllus conicus) y de un gorgojo adventicio (Larinus planus) para el control biológico de abrojos exóticos. Ambos gorgojos han tenido importantes efectos directos sobre los parámetros clave del crecimiento poblacional de abrojos nativos, y R. conicus ha tenido un efecto indirecto en una interacción abrojo – insecto nativo. Estos hallazgos nos condujeron a revisar como se evalúa el riesgo ecológico y a preguntar si las pruebas previas a la liberación pueden predecir los tipos de efectos ecológicos documentados. Concluimos que las pruebas utilizadas, cuando están bien hechas, pueden determinar la especificidad del huésped mediante la identificación del rango fisiológico del huésped; sin embargo, las pruebas convencionales no son confiables para predecir el rango ecológico del huésped ni su impacto sobre poblaciones de especies nativas menos preferidas, pero aceptadas. Nuestros datos apoyan las sugerencias que los datos de conducta y de desarrollo actuales necesitan ser suplementados con datos adicionales referentes a los parámetros poblacionales para predecir mejor el uso de huéspedes, el crecimiento de la población, las fortaleza de la interacción y las consecuencias ecológicas en las especies nativas que son huéspedes potenciales.
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